Manuscripts may be submitted for publication at the journal’s website on SAGE.
Based in part on The SBL Handbook of Style, copyright © 1999 by Hendrickson Publishers, Inc. Used by permission. All rights reserved.
1. General
1.1 Format
Articles should be submitted in electronic format at http://tbt.sagepub.com/, using Times New Roman font in MS Word or similar.
All articles should conform to The SBL Handbook of Style 2nd edition (2014) unless otherwise indicated here.
In addition to an electronic copy in MS Word, a pdf copy of the article should be submitted if any non-Roman-script characters.
1.2 Verification of Quotations and Facts
Primary and ultimate responsibility for accuracy in fact-checking and verification of quotations (including Scripture references) lies with the author.
1.3 Permissions and “Fair Use”
It is the author’s responsibility to obtain any necessary permissions for the use of text or illustrative material from other publications. Ideally the author should obtain all required permissions in writing in advance and submit copies of the permissions to the editor along with the manuscript.
1.4 Fonts, transliteration, and translation
For Hebrew and Greek, use Unicode fonts, preferably Times New Roman (which contains all the necessary characters).
In all papers, original Hebrew and Greek (and other) scripts should be used. Hebrew should be fully vocalized (pointed) but unaccented (unless accents are relevant to the subject of the article). Authors with access to Paratext software may choose to copy a Hebrew or Greek word or verse by right-clicking on the word in the source language text and selecting “Copy (without accents).” This is more reliable than typing words in manually.
In papers of a more practical nature (e.g.,. those addressing specific translation problems), or other papers at the author’s or editor’s discretion, Hebrew and Greek script may be accompanied by transliteration (see section 8 below). Authors without knowledge of Hebrew who want to cite a Hebrew word may include the transliteration, and the Hebrew script will be added by the editors.
All non-English texts should be translated. If a word is the focus of discussion, it only needs to be translated the first time it occurs. English translations should be included within quotation marks, not italicized: e.g., בְּרֵאשִׁית “in the beginning.”
Quotation of secondary literature retains its original style of citation of Hebrew and Greek text.
Transliterations, like all foreign words cited, but not including common Latin abbreviations (such as e.g., etc., cf.), should appear in italics.
2. Punctuation
2.1 Scripture References
Use hyphen (-) for a range of verse numbers and en dash (–) to separate chapters. Use full stop (.) to separate chapter number from verse number. Use space after comma in a list of verses in the same chapter. For example,
Mark 10.1-2, 5-6, 13-16
Mark 10–11
Mark 16.1–17.8
If it is clear which book and/or chapter you are discussing, you may refer to a verse with v. or verses with vv., and a chapter with ch. or chapters with chs. E.g., v. 3; vv. 3-5; ch. 14; chs. 14–16.
For translated scripture quotations, identify the version in parentheses (see section 7.1 below, for abbreviations). If it is your own translation (of original or version), indicate that fact. A comma is not needed to separate the citation and the translation abbreviation:
“Do you not know that a little yeast leavens the whole batch of dough?” (1 Cor 5.6 NRSV).
Books of the Bible cited without chapter should be spelled out in the main text. Those cited with chapter or chapter and verse should be abbreviated, unless they come at the beginning of the sentence. All biblical books in parentheses and footnotes should be abbreviated.
The passage in 1 Cor 5 is often considered crucial.
The passage 1 Cor 5.6 is often considered crucial.
First Corinthians 5.6 is a crucial text.
Do not capitalize “book” in phrases like “books of the Bible” or “the book of Daniel” (except at the start of a sentence).
2.2 Quotation Marks
Quotation marks go outside periods and commas. Single quotation marks should be used to indicate quotations within double quotation marks. Note the following examples:
I am not a “pedant.”
“He says he’s not a ‘pedant.’”
A question mark goes outside of the quotation marks unless it is part of the quoted or parenthetical material. Thus:
Why had he said, “I’m too tired to respond”?
Colons and semicolons also belong outside quotation marks:
S. Westerholm wrote the article “‘Letter’ and ‘Spirit’: The Foundation of Pauline Ethics.”
Quotation marks should not be used for block quotations; for a quotation within a block quotation, use double quotation marks. For more on block quotations see section 2.4 below.
2.3 Ellipsis Points
Ellipsis points are used where material has been omitted within a quotation; they are generally not necessary before or after a quoted bit of text. It is acceptable to omit introductory words such as “And” and “For” from a quotation without using ellipsis points and to capitalize the first word of your quotation (if what follows is a complete sentence) without adding brackets to a letter that was not upper case in the original.
2.4 Final Punctuation for Block Quotations
Quoted matter of five or more lines should be set off from the rest of the text in an indented paragraph. Scripture and other primary texts set off in this manner should conclude with punctuation, followed by the citation in parentheses:
Thus says the Lord GOD: In the first month, on the first day of the month, you shall take a young bull without blemish, and purify the sanctuary. … You shall do the same on the seventh day of the month for anyone who has sinned through error or ignorance; so you shall make atonement for the temple. (Ezek 45.18-20 NRSV)
2.5 Spelling
American or British (or other English) spelling is acceptable, as long as the author is consistent. American spelling is based on Merriam-Webster (https://www.merriam-webster.com/), and British spelling on the Oxford English Dictionary (https://www.lexico.com/ – select “UK Dictionary” in drop-down).
2.6 The Divine Name
Transliterations or translations of the Divine Name use all caps, not small caps, e.g., YHWH; Lord GOD; LORD.
3. Numbers
3.1 Numbers in Ordinary Text
Spell out whole numbers from one through ninety-nine, as well as any of these numbers followed by hundred, thousand, hundred thousand, million, and so on. For all other numbers use figures.
Exception: When there would be a cluster of spelled-out numbers in a sentence or paragraph, it is better to use figures. For example:
Dābār occurs 61 times in Genesis, 65 in Exodus, 9 in Leviticus, 30 in Numbers, and 97 in Deuteronomy.
3.2 Inclusive Numbers: Pages in Modern Publications, Quantities, etc.
| First number | Second number | Examples |
| Less than 100 | use all digits | 3-10, 71-72, 96-117 |
| Multiples of 100 | use all digits | 100-104, 200-252, 1100-1123 |
| 101-109 (in multiples of 100) | use changed part only | 101-2, 204-11, 1002-6 |
| 110-199 (in multiples of 100) | use two digits, or more if needed | 321-25, 415-32, 1536-638 |
| Roman numerals | full number | xi-xvi, ccxxxvii-ccxxxix |
3.3 Inclusive Numbers: Ancient Writings, Dates
All digits are used in ranges of years. All digits are used with ranges in references to premodern primary texts, whether the numbers refer to sections, chapters, verses, or pages in modern editions. Authors may use BCE and CE or BC and AD, as long as usage is consistent. Avoid mixed use of numbers and words:
Right:
Josephus, J.W. 1.321–329
154–157 CE
from 1856 to 1857
He was popular in the 1960s and 1970s.
August 15, 1979
August 1979
Wrong:
from 1857–68
between 1850–60
He was popular in the 1960s and ’70s.
4. Notes and Bibliographies
4.1 References
The References section lists only those works that have been referred to in the article. All authors, titles, journal names, and series should be written in full.
4.2 Sequence of Information
As a general rule the sequence of publishing information in the References is as follows:
Author, date, title, editor; translator; number of volumes; edition; series; city; publisher.
A colon and space precede page numbers for journal articles.
4.3 Author or Editor
Whenever possible, the author’s or editor’s first name (not just an initial) should be provided. A space should always be left between initials. Ancient and other premodern works may be listed either under the name of the premodern author or under the name of the modern editor, but all premodern works should be treated the same. If works are listed by premodern author, the standard English spelling of the name should be used: Aristotle (not Aristote or Aristoteles), Jerome (not Hieronymus), Augustine (not Augustinus or Augustin), etc. Prefixes in authors’ surnames which are not capitalized when appearing with the first name are also not capitalized when appearing without (e.g., “As is argued by von Rad / de Jong / ben David / ap Thomas”) unless of course at the start of a sentence.
4.4 Names of Presses
The publisher’s name should be abbreviated by the omission of Press, Publishing Company, and the like except in the case of university presses and wherever else ambiguity or awkwardness would result. Examples:
|
Hendrickson Publishers |
→ |
Hendrickson |
|
Verlag Herder |
→ |
Herder |
|
Editions du Cerf |
→ |
Cerf |
|
Oxford University Press |
→ |
Oxford University Press |
|
Scholars Press |
→ |
Scholars Press |
|
JSOT Press |
→ |
JSOT Press |
|
William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company |
→ |
Eerdmans |
|
Neukirchener Verlag |
→ |
Neukirchener Verlag |
4.5 Place of Publication
If the title page lists more than one city, use only the first city. When the city listed is not well known, reference to the state or country follows. Be consistent. If you name “Grand Rapids, MI:” in one citation, then name MI in every other citation of a publisher in Grand Rapids. Use two-letter abbreviations for US states (against SBL1).
4.6 Translating Foreign-Language Publication Information
For publications in languages with non-roman scripts, provide an English translation of the title, followed by the name of the language in parentheses, e.g., Translated book title (in Korean).
4.7 Citations
TBT uses the Author-Date system for references. This means that any footnotes will consist only of additional information rather than including the citation reference. The citation reference appears in the main text (see below).
Examples of how author-date citations may appear within the text:
An elaborate treatment can be found in Talbert 1992 (51).
The explanation for this is not clear (Leyerle 1997, 61).
Pfuhl (1980, 65-68) notes five possible techniques.
Below are examples of author-date citations within a text and the corresponding Reference list entries that would come at the end of the article.
4.7.1 Book
|
In text: |
(Talbert 1992, 22) |
|
In reference list: |
Talbert, Charles H. 1992. Reading John: A Literary and Theological Commentary on the Fourth Gospel and the Johannine Epistles. New York: Crossroad. |
|
In text: |
(Robinson and Koester 1971, 23) |
|
In reference list: |
Robinson, James M., and Helmut Koester. 1971. Trajectories through Early Christianity. Philadelphia: Fortress. |
4.7.2 Book with Editor(s)
|
In text: |
(Kraft and Nickelsburg 1986, 271) |
|
In reference list: |
Kraft, Robert A., and George W. E. Nickelsburg, eds. 1986. Early Judaism and Its Modern Interpreters. Philadelphia: Fortress. |
4.7.3 Essay in an Edited Collection
|
In text: |
(Van Seters 1995, 222) |
|
In reference list: |
Van Seters, John. 1995. “The Theology of the Yahwist: A Preliminary Sketch.” Pages 219-28 in “Wer ist wie du, Herr, unter den Göttern?”: Studien zur Theologie und Religionsgeschichte Israels. Edited by I. Kottsieper et al. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. |
4.7.4 Journal Article
|
In text: |
(Pilch 1988a, 14)(Pilch 1988b, 60) |
|
In reference list: |
Pilch, John J. 1988a. “Interpreting Scripture: The Social Science Method.” Biblical Theology Bulletin 18: 13-19. ———. 1988b. “Understanding Biblical Healing: Selecting the Appropriate Model.” Biblical Theology Bulletin 18: 60-66. |
NB. If a journal uses continuous numbering between issues of the same volume, do not cite the issue. If it is necessary to include the issue number, it should be included in parentheses immediately following the volume number, with a space after the colon, before the page numbers. For example, Author. Year. “Article Title.” Journal Name 18(2): 12-38.
4.7.5 Unpublished Thesis or Dissertation
|
In text: |
(Klosinski 1988, 23) |
|
In reference list: |
Klosinski, Lee E. 1988. “Meals in Mark.” PhD diss., The Claremont Graduate School. |
4.7.6 Unpublished Manuscript
|
In text: |
(Penner 2018, 12) |
|
In reference list: |
Penner, Ken M. “Contemporizing Interpretation in the Greek Translation of Isaiah?” Unpublished manuscript, last modified July 5, 2018. PDF file. https://www.academia.edu/36977893/Contemporizing_Interpretation_in_the_Greek_Translation_of_Isaiah |
Include the date of the version consulted or the last-saved or last-modified date. Indicate the format of the manuscript. Include a URL following the entry, where possible.
4.7.7 Paper Presented at a Conference
Include a URL following the entry, where possible.
|
In text: |
(Wendland 2012, 2) |
|
In reference list: |
Wendland, Paul. 2012. “Formal and Functional Equivalence in Bible Translation.” Paper presented at the Bjarne Wollan Teigen Reformation Lectures: Bible Translations for the 21st Century. Mequon, WI, October 25-26. https://www.academia.edu/3782915/Bible_Translations_for_the_21st_Century_Formal_and_Functional_Equivalence_in_Bible_Translation. |
5.Headings and Styles
In the article title, capitalize main words, including pronouns.
For sub-headings within the article, capitalize only the first word and proper nouns. Clearly distinguish between levels of headings, using MS Word styles and/or numbering.
6.Miscellaneous
- TBT uses the Oxford comma. Thus, more than two items in a list are followed by a comma before “and” and “or”. E.g.,
- This story is not recounted in Matthew, Mark, or Luke.
- CSB, NKJV, and YLT all translate the phrase as causal.
- A period should follow abbreviations such as Dr. and St.
- Periods should not be used in the following abbreviations: USA, UK, PhD, MA, DMin
- Do not capitalize names of theories
- Note the use of upper and lower case in the following commonly used words/phrases:
- translation studies
- biblical studies
- Bible translation
- holy Scripture(s)
- sacred Scripture(s)
- Holy Bible
- church fathers
- Note the use of a hyphen (or not) in the following:
- deuterocanonical
- protocanon
- non-canonical
- non-confessional
- non-denominational
- All canonical, deuterocanonical, and pseudepigraphical books should be in roman type (not italic type)
- Use commas after: e.g., i.e.,
- The possessive suffix is ’s for all names (e.g., Mark’s, Jones’s), except Jesus (Jesus’) and Moses (Moses’)
- Hebrew binyanim (and the like) should be written as follows: qal, niphal, piel, pual, hithpael, hiphil, hophal. Note that: “ph” is used in place of “f,” the words are italicized and not capitalized, and ayin is not represented.
- Use “ca.” for “circa” (not “c.”)
- Do not superscript ordinal numbers for editions, e.g., 2nd ed. or 3rd ed.
- In the reference list “edition” should be spelled out in full
- Do not abbreviate “Old Testament” and “New Testament” unless used as an adjective or, when used as a noun, if there is too much repetition
- Use “a” not “an” with the following: a LXX citation, a NT passage
7. Abbreviations
The author should provide a list of all abbreviations used in the manuscript after the Reference list.
7.1 Bible Version Abbreviations (in alphabetical order by language)
If the version is a revision without a new title, add the year of the revision. Example: GNB, GNB1994. Articles are not used with version abbreviations. Exceptions are “the MT” and “the LXX.”
| Chinese | |
| CUV | Chinese Union Version (1919) |
| RCUV | Revised Chinese Union Version (2010) |
| Dutch | |
| BGT | Bijbel in gewone taal (2014) |
| GrNB | Groot Nieuws Bijbel (or GNV for Groot Nieuws Vertaling) (1996) |
| HSV | Herziene Statenvertaling (2010) |
| HTB | Het Boek (1987) |
| NBG | Nederlands Bijbelgenootschap (1951) |
| NBV | De Nieuw Bijbel Vertaling (2004) |
| SV | Statenvertaling (1637) |
| WV | Willibrordvertaling (1975–1995) |
| English | |
| ASV | American Standard Version (1901) |
| AT | American Translation (Smith and Goodspeed, 1935) |
| Amp | Amplified Bible (1965, 1987) |
| AB | Anchor Bible (various dates) |
| Barclay | William Barclay’s NT translation (1968) |
| CCB | Christian Community Bible (1986) |
| BBE | Bible in Basic English (1950) |
| Beck | An American Translation, by William F. Beck (NT: 1963) |
| CEB | Common English Bible (2011) |
| CEV | Contemporary English Version (1995, 1999) |
| CSB | Christian Standard Bible (2017) |
| CJB | Complete Jewish Bible (1998) |
| Darby | Bible, translated by John Darby (1890) |
| DRA | Douay-Rheims American edition (1899) |
| EHV | Evangelical Heritage Version (2019) |
| ESV | English Standard Version (2001, 2016) |
| Geneva | Geneva Bible (1599) |
| GW | God’s Word (1995) |
| GNB | Good News Bible (1976, 1978 [DC], 1994 [2nd]) |
| GCSB | Holman Christian Standard Bible (2004) |
| ICB | International Children’s Bible |
| ISV | International Standard Version (2011) |
| JB | Jerusalem Bible (1966) |
| JPS | Jewish Publication Society version (1917) |
| KJ2K | King James 2000 (2000) |
| KJV | King James Version (Authorized Version) (1611) |
| Knox | Translation from the Vulgate, by Ronald Knox (NT: 1945) |
| LB | Living Bible (1971) |
| Moffatt | Bible, translated by James Moffatt (1926) |
| NAB | New American Bible (1970) |
| NASB | New American Standard Bible (1971, 1995) |
| NCV | New Century Version (1991, 2005) |
| NEB | New English Bible (1970) |
| NET | NET Bible (New English Translation, 2001, 2005) |
| NETS | New English Translation of the Septuagint (see Pietersma and Wright 2007) |
| NirV | New International Reader’s Version (1998) |
| NIV; NIVUK | New International Version (1978, 2011) |
| NJB | New Jerusalem Bible (1985) |
| NKJV | New King James Version (1982) |
| NLT | New Living Translation (1996) |
| NLT2 | New Living Translation (2nd edition, 2004) |
| NRSV | New Revised Standard Version (1989) |
| Phps | Phillips (1958) |
| REB | Revised English Bible (1989) |
| RSV | Revised Standard Version (1952) |
| RV | Revised Version [English Revised Version] (1881-1885) |
| Knox | Ronald Knox’s Bible translation (1950) |
| The Scriptures | Bible, by the Institute for Scripture Research (1998) |
| NJPS | TANAKH (New Jewish Publication Society Version) (1985) |
| TNIV | Today’s New International Version (2005) |
| TNT | Translator’s New Testament |
| UNASB | Updated New American Standard Bible (1997) |
| WEB | World English Bible (2007–) |
| Webster | Noah Webster’s revision of KJV (1833) |
| YLT | Young’s Literal Translation, by Robert Young (1862/1898) |
| French | |
| BJ | Bible de Jérusalem (1956) |
| BP | Bible de la Pléiade (1956-1959) |
| BCC | Bible des communautés chrétiennes |
| Sem | Bible du Semeur (1992) |
| FC | Bible en français courant (1982, 1997) |
| Bayard | Bible: Nouvelle traduction (Bayard, 2001) |
| S21 | La Segond 21 (2007) |
| Seg | Louis Segond (1874) |
| NBJ | Nouvelle Bible de Jérusalem (1973, 1998) |
| NBS | Nouvelle Bible Segond (2002) |
| NFC | Nouvelle Français courant (2019) |
| NVSR | Nouvelle Version Segond révisée (1978) |
| PdV | Parole de Vie (français fondamental, 2000) |
| Syn | Sainte Bible: l’ancien et le nouveau testament : version synodale (1956) |
| TOB | Traduction oecuménique de la Bible (1975, 1988, 2010) |
| German | |
| Lu | Bibel (Luther revised, 1984) |
| Lu 2017 | Lutherbibel 2017 |
| EU | Einheitsübersetzung (1980, 2017) |
| EB | Erklärungsbibel: Stuttgarter Erklärungsbibel: Die Heilige Schrift nach der Übersetzung Martin Luthers, mit Einführungen und Erklärungen (1992) |
| GuNB | Gute Nachricht Bibel (1982, 1997, 2000) |
| HFA | Hoffnung für Alle (2015) |
| Menge | Heilige Schrift übersetz von Hermann Menge (1940) |
| Zür | Zürcher Bibel (1531, 1868, 1931, 2007) |
| Greek | |
| NAxx | Nestle-Aland, Novum Testamentum Graece, 26th ed. 1979; 27th ed. 1993; 28th ed. 2012. E.g., NA27 |
| LXX | Septuagint (the LXX) |
| (UBS) GNT | (UBS) Greek New Testament in general |
| UBSx | UBS Greek New Testament, 3rd ed. 1975; 3rd corr. ed. 1983; 4th ed. 1993; 5th ed. 2014. E.g., UBS5 |
| Hebrew | |
| BHQ | Biblia Hebraica Quinta |
| BHS | Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (1977, 5th ed. 1997) |
| MT | Masoretic Text (the MT) |
| Italian | |
| DTI | Diodati (1607, 1991) |
| TILC | Traduzione Interconfessionale in Lingua Corrente (Parola del Signore: La Bibbia in lingua corrente) (1985) |
| CEI | Versione Conferenza Episcopale Italiana (1971, 1974, 2008) |
| NR | Nuova Riveduta (2006) |
| Malay | |
| TMV | Today’s Malay Version (1987) Alkitab: Berita Baik untuk Manusia Moden |
| Norwegian | |
| NOB | Bibelen: den Hellige skrift: det Gamle og det Nye testamente (1891) |
| Portuguese | |
| ARA | Almeida Revista e Atualizada (1959, |
| ARC | Almeida Revista e Corrigida (1898, 1995, 2009) |
| TLH | Bíblia Sagrada: Tradução na Linguagem de Hoje (1988) |
| NTLH | Nova Tradução na Linguagem de Hoje (2000, 2003) |
| NVIit | Nova Versão Internacional (2001) |
| Spanish | |
| BJsp | Biblia de Jerusalén (1967) |
| Peregrino | Biblia del Peregrino, revision of NBE (1993) |
| BTI | Biblia: traducción interconfesional (1978) |
| BTX | La Biblia Textual (1999) |
| TLA | Biblia: traduccion en lenguaje actual (2003) |
| VP | Dios Habla Hoy; La Biblia: Versión Popular (1979) |
| LPD | Libro del Pueblo de Dios (1980) |
| NBJsp | Nueva Biblia de Jerusalén (1973) |
| NBLA | Nueva Biblia de Latinoamérica (2005) |
| NBE | Nueva Biblia Española (1975) |
| NTV | Nueva Traducción Viviente (2010) |
| NVI | Nueva Versión Internacional (1999) |
| RV95 | Reina-Valera (Latin America) (1995) |
| RVR | Reina-Valera revisada (1960) |
7.2 Primary Sources: Ancient Texts
Abbreviations for the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament, New Testament, Apocrypha, and Septuagint titles do not require a period and are not italicized.
7.2.1 Hebrew Bible / Old Testament
|
Gen |
Genesis |
Eccl (or Qoh) |
Ecclesiastes (or Qoheleth) |
|
Exod |
Exodus |
Song (or Cant) |
Song of Songs (or Song of Solomon or Canticles) |
|
Lev |
Leviticus |
Isa |
Isaiah |
|
Num |
Numbers |
Jer |
Jeremiah |
|
Deut |
Deuteronomy |
Lam |
Lamentations |
|
Josh |
Joshua |
Ezek |
Ezekiel |
|
Judg |
Judges |
Dan |
Daniel |
|
Ruth |
Ruth |
Hos |
Hosea |
|
1-2 Sam |
1-2 Samuel |
Joel |
Joel |
|
1-2 Kgdms |
1-2 Kingdoms (LXX) |
Amos |
Amos |
|
1-2 Kgs |
1-2 Kings |
Obad |
Obadiah |
|
3-4 Kgdms |
3-4 Kingdoms (LXX) |
Jonah |
Jonah |
|
1-2 Chr |
1-2 Chronicles |
Mic |
Micah |
|
Ezra |
Ezra |
Nah |
Nahum |
|
Neh |
Nehemiah |
Hab |
Habakkuk |
|
Esth |
Esther |
Zeph |
Zephaniah |
|
Job |
Job |
Hag |
Haggai |
|
Ps/Pss |
Psalms |
Zech |
Zechariah |
|
Prov |
Proverbs |
Mal |
Malachi |
7.2.2 New Testament
|
Matt |
Matthew |
1-2 Thess |
1-2 Thessalonians |
|
Mark |
Mark |
1-2 Tim |
1-2 Timothy |
|
Luke |
Luke |
Titus |
Titus |
|
John |
John |
Phlm |
Philemon |
|
Acts |
Acts |
Heb |
Hebrews |
|
Rom |
Romans |
Jas |
James |
|
1-2 Cor |
1-2 Corinthians |
1-2 Pet |
1-2 Peter |
|
Gal |
Galatians |
1-2-3 John |
1-2-3 John |
|
Eph |
Ephesians |
Jude |
Jude |
|
Phil |
Philippians |
Rev |
Revelation |
|
Col |
Colossians |
7.2.3 Apocrypha and Septuagint
|
Bar |
Baruch |
Jdt |
Judith |
|
Add Dan |
Additions to Daniel |
1-2 Macc |
1-2 Maccabees |
|
Pr Azar |
Prayer of Azariah |
3-4 Macc |
3-4 Maccabees |
|
Bel |
Bel and the Dragon |
Pr Man |
Prayer of Manasseh |
|
Sg Three |
Song of the Three Young Men |
Ps 151 |
Psalm 151 |
|
Sus |
Susanna |
Sir |
Sirach/Ecclesiasticus |
|
1-2 Esd |
1-2 Esdras |
Tob |
Tobit |
|
Add Esth |
Additions to Esther |
Wis |
Wisdom of Solomon |
|
Ep Jer |
Epistle of Jeremiah |
7.3 Some standard references and their abbreviations
NB. A number of these may vary in details, according to what edition/format the author uses.
|
BDAG |
Bauer, W., F. W. Danker, W. F. Arndt, and F. W. Gingrich. 1999. Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. 3rd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. |
|
BDB |
Brown, F., S. R. Driver, and C. A. Briggs, eds. 1907. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. 1966 reprint. Oxford: Oxford University Press. |
|
BDF |
Blass, Friedrich, and Albert Debrunner. 1961. A Greek Grammar of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. Translated and revised by Robert W. Funk. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. |
|
BDR |
Blass, Friedrich, and Albert Debrunner. 2001. Grammatik des neutestamentlichen Griechisch. Edited by Friedrich Rehkopf. 18th edition. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. |
|
BHK |
Biblia Hebraica. 1937. Edited by Rudolf Kittel. Stuttgart: Württembergische Bibelanstalt. |
|
BHQ |
Biblia Hebraica Quinta. Details for reference list depend on the individual fascicle. |
|
BHRG |
Van der Merwe, Christo H. J., Jacobus A. Naudé, and Jan H. Kroeze. 2017. A Biblical Hebrew Reference Grammar. 2nd edition. London: Bloomsbury. |
|
BHS |
Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia. 1977 (5th ed. 1997).Edited by Rudolf Kittel, Wilhelm Elliger, and Wilhelm Rudolph. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelstiftung. |
|
CAD |
Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute (Oppenheim 1956). Oppenheim, A. L. et al., eds. 1956. The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. 21 vols. Chicago: The Oriental Institute. |
|
CIL |
Alföldy, Géza, Emil Hübner, and Theodor Mommsen. 1871. Corpus inscriptionum latinarum. Vol 4. Inscriptiones parietariae Pompeianae, Herculanenses, Stabianae. Berlin: Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR. (Reprint Berlin: Reimer, 1958.) |
|
DCH |
Clines, David J. A. 1993-2011. The Dictionary of Classical Hebrew. 8 vols. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press and Sheffield Phoenix Press. |
|
ECM |
Novum Testamentum Graecum: Editio Critica Maior. Aland, Barbara, Kurt Aland, Gerd Mink, Holger Strutwolf, and Klaus Wachtel, eds. 2013, 2017. Novum Testamentum Graecum: Editio Critica Maior. Vol. 3, Die Apostelgeschichte/The Acts of the Apostles. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2017. Vol. 4, Die Katholischen Briefe/Catholic Letters. 2nd edition. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2013. |
|
EDNT |
Balz, Horst, and Gerhard Schneider, eds. 1990-1993. Exegetical Dictionary of the New Testament. 3 vols. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. |
|
GK |
Gesenius, Wilhelm, and Emil Kautzsch. 1902. Hebräische Grammatik. 27th ed. Leipzig: Vogel. |
|
HALAT |
Köhler, Ludwig, Walter Baumgartner, and Johann Jakob Stamm. 2004. Hebräisches und aramäisches Lexikon zum Alten Testament. 3rd edition. Leiden: E.J. Brill. |
|
HALOT |
Koehler, Ludwig, Walter Baumgartner, and J. J. Stamm. 2000. The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. Translated and edited under the supervision of M. E. J. Richardson. 5 vols. Leiden: Brill. |
|
HR |
Hatch, Edwin, and Henry A. Redpath. 1954. A Concordance to the Septuagint and the Other Greek Versions of the Old Testament. Graz, Austria: Akademische Druck. |
|
IBHS |
Waltke, Bruce K., and Michael Patrick O’Connor. 1990. An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. |
|
JM |
Joüon, P., and T. Muraoka. 2006. A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew. 2nd ed. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute. |
|
KTU |
KeilalphabetischenTexte aus Ugarit (Dietrich, Loretz, and Sanmartin 1995). Dietrich, Manfried, Oswald Loretz, and Joaquin Sanmartin. 1976. Die keilalphabetischen Texte aus Ugarit. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag. |
|
Lamsa |
Lamsa, George M. 1933. Holy Bible: From the Ancient Eastern Text: George M. Lamsa’s Translation from the Aramaic of the Peshitta. Philadelphia: A. J. Holman. Lamsa Bible online, http://www.lamsabible.com. |
|
LEH |
Lust, Johan, Erik Eynikel, and Katrin Hauspie. 2003. A Greek-English Lexicon of the Septuagint. Revised edition. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. |
|
LN |
Louw, Johannes P., and Eugene A. Nida. 1996. Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament: Based on Semantic Domains. 2nd edition. 2 vols. New York: United Bible Societies. |
|
LSJ |
Liddell, H. G., R. Scott, and H. S. Jones. 1996. A Greek-English Lexicon. 9th ed. With revised supplement. Oxford: Oxford University Press. |
|
Metzger |
Metzger, Bruce M. 1994. A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament: A Companion Volume to the United Bible Societies’ Greek New Testament (fourth revised edition). 2nd edition. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft/United Bible Societies. |
|
NA |
Nestle-Aland. Novum Testamentum Graece. Based on the work of Eberhard and Erwin Nestle, edited by Barbara and Kurt Aland, Johannes Karavidopoulos, Carlo M. Martini, Bruce M. Metzger: 28th revised edition, edited by the Institute for New Testament Textual Research, Münster/Westphalia, under the direction of Holger Strutwolf. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2012. |
|
NETS |
Pietersma, Albert, and Benjamin G. Wright, eds. 2007. A New English Translation of the Septuagint. Oxford: Oxford University Press. |
|
NIDOTTE |
VanGemeren, W. A. 1997. New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology and Exegesis. 5 vols. Grand Rapids: Zondervan. |
|
OTS |
The Old Testament in Syriac according to the Peshiṭta Version. Part 2, fasc. 2, Liber Judicum; Liber Samuelis. 1978. Leiden: Brill. |
|
Perseus |
Perseus Digital Library. Edited by Gregory R. Crane. Tufts University. |
|
PG |
Migne, J.-P., ed. 1857-1886. Patrologiae Cursus Completus: Series Graeca. 162 vols. Paris: Migne. |
|
PL |
Migne, J.-P., ed. 1844-1864. Patrologiae Cursus Completus: Series Latina. 217 vols. Paris: Migne. |
|
Rahlfs-Hanhart |
Rahlfs, Alfred, and Robert Hanhart, eds. 2006. Septuaginta: id est vetus testamentum graece iuxta LXX interpretes. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. |
|
TDOT |
Botterweck, G. Johannes, Helmer Ringgren, and Fabry, Heinz-Josef, eds. 1974-2006. Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament. 15 vols. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. |
TDOT (example) Johnson, E. 1974. אָנַף. Pages 348-54 in vol. 1 of Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament. Edited by G. J. Botterweck and H. Ringgren. Translated by J. T. Willis, G. W. Bromiley, and D. E. Green. 15 vols. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. |
|
|
TLG |
Thesaurus Linguae Graecae. Irvine, CA: University of California, Irvine. Http://www.tlg.uci.edu. |
|
TLOT |
E. Jenni, ed. Theological Lexicon of the Old Testament. 1997. Translated by M. E. Biddle. 3 vols. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson. |
|
TLOT (example) Sauer, G. 1997. אַף. Pages 166-69 in vol. 1 of Theological Lexicon of the Old Testament. Edited by E. Jenni. Translated by M. E. Biddle. 3 vols. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson. |
|
|
WH |
Westcott, Brooke Foss, and Fenton John Anthony Hort. 1881. The New Testament in the Original Greek. 2 vols. Cambridge: Macmillan and Co. |
Appendix: Transliteration Charts
8.1 Hebrew Transliteration (SBL Academic Style)
For non-standard characters, type the Unicode number then press ALT+X, or use “Insert Symbol”.
8.1.1 Consonants
|
Character |
Transliteration |
Unicode |
Character |
Transliteration |
Unicode |
||
|
א |
aleph |
ʾ |
U+02BE |
מ ם |
mem |
m |
|
|
ב |
bet |
b |
נ ן |
nun |
n |
||
|
ג |
gimel |
g |
ס |
samek |
s |
||
|
ד |
dalet |
d |
ע |
ayin |
ʿ |
U+02BF |
|
|
ה |
he |
h |
פ ף |
pe |
p |
||
|
ו |
vav |
w |
צ ץ |
tsade |
ṣ |
1E63 |
|
|
ז |
zayin |
z |
ק |
qoph |
q |
||
|
ח |
khet |
ḥ |
1E25 |
ר |
resh |
r |
|
|
ט |
tet |
ṭ |
1E6D |
שׂ |
sin |
ś |
015B |
|
י |
yod |
y |
שׁ |
shin |
š |
0161 |
|
|
כ ך |
kaph |
k |
ת |
tav |
t |
||
|
ל |
lamed |
l |
|||||
8.1.2 Vowels
NB. In most cases mem is used here to show the correct placement of the vowel.
|
Character |
Transliteration |
Unicode |
Character |
Transliteration |
Unicode |
||
|
מַ |
patakh |
a |
מִי |
hireq yod |
î |
00EE |
|
|
מַ |
furtive patakh |
a |
מָ |
qamets khatuf |
o |
||
|
מָ |
qamets |
ā |
0101 |
מֹ |
holem |
ō |
014D |
|
מָה |
final qamets he |
â |
00E2 |
וֹ |
full holem |
ô |
00F4 |
|
מָיו |
3ms suffix |
āyw |
מֻ |
short qibbuts |
u |
||
|
מֶ |
segol |
e |
מֻ |
long qibbuts |
ū |
016B |
|
|
מֵ |
tsere |
ē |
0113 |
וּ |
shureq |
û |
00FB |
|
מֵי |
tsere yod |
ê |
00EA |
מֳ |
khatef qamets |
ŏ |
014F |
|
מֶי |
segol yod |
ê |
מֲ |
khatef patakh |
ă |
0103 |
|
|
מִ |
short hireq |
i |
מֱ |
khatef segol |
ĕ |
0115 |
|
|
מִ |
long hireq |
ī |
012b |
מְ |
vocal shewa |
ǝ |
01DD |
8.2 Greek Transliteration (SBL Style)
|
Character |
Transliteration |
Character |
Transliteration |
||||
|
Α |
α |
alpha |
a |
Ν |
ν |
nu |
n |
|
Β |
β |
bēta |
b |
Ξ |
ξ |
xi |
x |
|
Γ |
γ |
gamma |
g or n* |
Ο |
ο |
omicron |
o |
|
Δ |
δ |
delta |
d |
Π |
π |
pi |
p |
|
Ε |
ε |
epsilon |
e |
Ρ |
ρ |
rhō |
r |
|
Ζ |
ζ |
zēta |
z |
Σ |
σ, ς |
sigma |
s |
|
Η |
η |
ēta |
ē (Unicode: 0113) |
Τ |
τ |
tau |
t |
|
Θ |
θ |
theta |
th |
Υ |
υ |
upsilon |
u or y** |
|
Ι |
ι |
iōta |
i |
Φ |
φ |
phi |
ph |
|
Κ |
κ |
kappa |
k |
Χ |
χ |
chi |
ch |
|
Λ |
λ |
lambda |
l |
Ψ |
ψ |
psi |
ps |
|
Μ |
μ |
mu |
m |
Ω |
ω |
ōmega |
ō (Unicode: 014D) |
* When gamma appears before a γ, κ, ξ, or χ, it is transliterated n.
** When upsilon is part of a diphthong, it is transliterated u (au, eu, ēu, ou, ui), e.g., υἱός = huios; when it appears independently, it is transliterated y, e.g., κύριος = kyrios.
The rough breathing mark (as in ἁ) is transliterated h preceding an initial vowel or diphthong, e.g., ὕμνος = hymnos; αἵρεσις = hairesis.
Initial ῥ is transliterated rh. The second rhō in medial double rhō is also transliterated rh, e.g., Πύρρος = Pyrrhos.